Basic DC and Low Frequency Measurement
Measurement Units; Coherent, uniform and unified; Defined, Realized and Represented;
Disseminated and Extended. Measurement Equipment: Types; Principals of Operation;
Types of Measurements: Direct; Differential; Transfer; Ratio; Indirect. Uncertainty;
Mathematical Computations: Ratios, Decibels, Conversions, Concepts of Measurement Uncertainty,
Types of Errors; Calculate Error and Correction Factors, Calculating Parameters,
Converting AC Voltages
Standards and Traceability
Why Measurements Must be Traceable; What Is Involved in a Traceable Calibration, Standards
The Ideal Standard; Standards for your Measurements, Traceability: Establishing and Maintaining Traceability
Practical Considerations for Precision Electrical Measurement
Grounding: Ideal vs. Real Ground; Power Line Ground Systems; Safety-Ground Ground
Loop Errors, Shielding: Electromagnetic Radiation; Shielding from Electric Fields;
Magnetic Field Coupling; Minimizing Magnetic Pickup; Magnetic Shielding,
Guarding: Instrument Guard; High-Impedance Measurements; Guarding Current Sources
Sources of Measurement Error
Thermal EMF,s, Contact Resistance, Insulation Resistance, Surface Leakage, Dielectric Absorption
Noise and AC to DC Converters, Parasitic Capacitance, Bias Current, Pumpout Current
Additional topics
Enviromental Errors (Temperature,Pressure, Humidity, Vibration), Technician Observational
Errors (Parallax, Interpolation), Instrumental Errors (Zeroing, Leveling, Wear, Loading),
Random Errors (Drafts, Radiation, Dirt, Noise, Readability, Resolution)
Good Laboratory Practices (Adjustment, Repair, Maintenance) Safety
8 Hints for Making Better Scope Measurements,
Special thanks to the following who provided very valuable input:
Herbert O'Neil: Ridgewater Tech College, Bob Guggemos: Intel, Jim Canfield: St Jude Medical,
Jeff Gust: GTE, Roy Campbell: Caterpillar, Steven Bjerstedt: 3M, Dan Grady: Pratt & Whitney,
Gloria Neely: US Navy
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